PREGUNTA SOBRE CONSENSO
1. De acuerdo con el químico alemán Justus von Liebig, la fermentación de la sangre produce gases tóxicos responsables de las más variadas enfermedades, como el cólera, viruela y sífilis; el aire transportaba estos gases que se combinaban con otros provenientes de la descomposición de la materia orgánica en la Tierra.
a) ¿Qué nombre recibe esta teoría?
b) ¿En qué año es defendida por el consenso médico?
c) En las ciencias médicas la teoría miasmática fue desechada a finales del siglo XIX en favor de la teoría microbiana de la enfermedad. ¿En tu opinión, qué indica este cambio de consenso médico entre finales del siglo XIX y el siglo XX?
d) Imagina que eres un historiador de la ciencia médica tratando de explicar la diferencia entre el consenso de la teoría miasmática y la microbiana. Hazlo en un párrafo.
PREGUNTAS SOBRE CAUSACIÓN
2. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions below:
A powerful tsunami destroyed the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant’s power supply and cooling systems, causing three reactors to melt and spew large amounts of radiation. Highly contaminated cooling water applied to the damaged reactors has leaked continuously into building basements and mixed with groundwater. Initial reports of casualties following the tsunami at Fukushima’s power plant put the death toll in the hundreds, with hundreds more missing.
“We have no evidence that the crew did anything wrong,” Homendy said.
(a) Does that mean there’s no human cause linked to the accident? Explain.
(b) Are safety regulations, in this case, solely dependent upon human error? Explain.
The overheating triggered an alarm, which caused the train’s engineer to immediately apply the brakes to bring the train to the stop. An automatic emergency braking system also came into effect.
“There were no reported fatalities or injuries caused directly by the derailment, and responders were able to mitigate the fire within two days.”
“The evacuation order was lifted on Feb. 8, five days after the derailment. Since then, residents have reported widespread concern about the safety of East Palestine’s air and water. Some say they have experienced headaches or rashes. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources reported that some 3,500 fish had died following the derailment in nearby waterways.”
“The operators of a Norfolk Southern train carrying hazardous chemicals near East Palestine, Ohio, earlier this month tried to stop the train after a wheel bearing overheated to a dangerous degree, the National Transportation Safety Board said.”
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