Chapter 2 (Philosophy of Mind)
2.2
Descartes's Dualism: Mind = a non-physical thinking substance.
Logical Behaviorism: MS ---> (where BhS are behavioral dispositions; BhS are, the ability to act in certain ways to certain stimuli ). C/E "Perfect pretender", "Super Spartans." Qualitative content (qualia = the unique feeling of our mental states).Identity Theory: MS ---> BrS, where BrS is the passing of electro/chemical signals from cell to cell. C/E "Nagel's Bat." (You must be able to tell the counterexamples and derive conclusions).
2.3
Functionalism: MS ---> FS. According to functionalism, to have a mind is to have the ability to perform certain functions. C/E "Putnam's inverted spectrum."Turing Test for Intelligence: C/E Searle's Chinese Room.Intentionality
2.5
Property Dualism, Primitive Property (intentionality as a primitive property).Emergent Property and Downward Causation.
Chapter 3
3.1
Causal Determinism: (every effect has a cause that makes it happen) and Hard determinism (there is no free will): An argument to problematize HD is the idea of "Human responsibility, " i.e., if we are not free, we cannot be responsible for our actions, (one is responsible if and only if one can make the choice).
3.2
Traditional Compatibilism: The view that we will actions from the inside, provided that we are not externally constrained. C/E "Taylor's Ingenious Physiologist. A good example of the ingenious physiologist is TV. Problem: How about being "internally" constrained? What Taylor example shows is that one can will from the inside and still have internal constraints. Ex: gambling.
"Hierarchical Compatibilism: First and Second Order Desires; Second Order Volitions. Remember: A first order desire is directed to an object or state of affairs, a second order desire is a desire about a desire, a second order volition is a second order desire one decisely acts upon. Harry Frankfurt's three drug addicts:
(Let's call a first order desire: FOD, a second order desire: SOD, a second order volition: SOV)
Wanton addict: FOD, not SOD, not SOV, not free.
Happy Addict: FOD, SOD, SOV, free.
Unwilling Addict: FOD, SOD (only this desire is against his taking the drug, not SOV, not free).
3.3
Libertarianism
Event and Agent Causation. E-C: An event causes an event. A-C: An agent causes an event. Libertarianism holds that one is responsible for one's action only if one does it (caveat: one has to act on one's own desire). If the desire is not yours, you're not responsible, ex. one's desire to surrender one's money at gunpoint.
Radical Libertarianism (Existentialism): Jean-Paul Sartre's kind of libertarianism (known as Existentialism) holds that the self is essentially free. What we do, how we act in our life is what determines what and who we are. In order not to deal with the weight of our own FREEDOM, we create fictitious excuses or "bad faith". We're always responsible for our actions, because even when we think we don't choose, we choose. The only possible constraint is our facticity (the stuff we don't choose, like being born and having a certain name and parents).
