I. PREGUNTAS SOBRE EL CONSENSO
a) Contrast Galen and Vesalius' theories. Was Galen's anatomical view archaic in 1343? In 1443? If not, explain why not.
b) Why do you think people in the early Middle Ages would accept Galen's view?
c) What sort of mind experiment would you put forward to make someone understand why something can be valid in 1343 and not in 1543? (Explain answers; take no less than 35 words).
II. PREGUNTAS SOBRE CAUSACIÓN
1. A student studied for the examination and subsequently received a high grade. The student concludes that studying caused the high grade.
2. A person takes a sleeping pill and falls asleep twenty minutes later. They conclude that the pill caused their sleep.
3. A city installs speed cameras, and the number of speeding violations subsequently falls. Officials conclude that the cameras caused the decline.
4. Every time Maria drinks coffee in the afternoon, she has difficulty falling asleep that night. She concludes that the coffee causes her insomnia.
5. A person develops a headache shortly after spending several hours in front of a computer. They conclude that the computer screen caused the headache.
6. A town experiences an unusually hot summer. During the same period, both electricity consumption and ice cream sales increase. Someone concludes that increased ice-cream consumption caused increased electricity consumption.
7. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions below:
A powerful tsunami destroyed the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant’s power supply and cooling systems, causing three reactors to melt and spew large amounts of radiation. Highly contaminated cooling water applied to the damaged reactors has leaked continuously into building basements and mixed with groundwater. Initial reports of casualties following the tsunami at Fukushima’s power plant put the death toll in the hundreds, with hundreds more missing.
“We have no evidence that the crew did anything wrong,” Homendy said.
(a) Does that mean there’s no human cause linked to the accident? Explain.
(b) Are safety regulations, in this case, solely dependent upon human error? Explain.
The overheating triggered an alarm, which caused the train’s engineer to immediately apply the brakes to bring the train to the stop. An automatic emergency braking system also came into effect.
“There were no reported fatalities or injuries caused directly by the derailment, and responders were able to mitigate the fire within two days.”
“The evacuation order was lifted on Feb. 8, five days after the derailment. Since then, residents have reported widespread concern about the safety of East Palestine’s air and water. Some say they have experienced headaches or rashes. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources reported that some 3,500 fish had died following the derailment in nearby waterways.”
“The operators of a Norfolk Southern train carrying hazardous chemicals near East Palestine, Ohio, earlier this month tried to stop the train after a wheel bearing overheated to a dangerous degree, the National Transportation Safety Board said.”
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