Tuesday, May 16, 2017
Monday, May 15, 2017
summer 2020 chapter 1 (homework 2)
FALLACIES. be ready to justify the following fallacies:
1. Thomas Elder attack on social welfare should not be taken seriously. He is said to have been a degenerate.
2. You will get pregnant if you have sex. Sally had sex once, and now she is pregnant.
3. Your honor, the defendant must be guilty because no one can prove his innocence.
4. Rare taste: you either have taste or you don't.
5. Men are all alike: selfish creatures who spend every weekend glued to a television tube.
6. I am sure that you will agree that we should all work together to increase the profit of this company. Anyone not agreeing with this policy will be fired immediately.
7. Everyone believes that Lander University is improving its academic programs yearly; therefore, I conclude that Lander will be a much higher rated school several years from now.
8. Theodore H. Teabody, the great historian, says that H. Copi's book is the best logic book in the world. I believe him since the word of such a great man shouldn't be disputed.
Deductive or inductive?
deductive inductive
1. The sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180°. In triangle #1, angle A is 30°, angle B is 90°. Therefore, angle C is 60°.
2. If I get an A, then I will pass this course. Odds are, I will make a B. So, I probably won't pass this course.
3. The platypus is not a mammal because no mammal lays eggs, and the female platypus does.
4. The last time I ate here, the shrimp dish I ordered was disgusting. It must be the case that this restaurant buys lousy seafood.
5. The sign on the candy machine reads "Out of Order." The candy machine must be broken.
6. All guitar players are musicians, and some guitar players are astronauts. It follows that some musicians are astronauts.
7. Irene likes either coffee or tea in the morning. But she doesn't like tea. Therefore Irene likes coffee in the morning.
8. These mushrooms have a very similar appearance to the ones growing in the garden. The ones in the garden are edible. The conclusion is therefore warranted that these mushrooms are edible.
9. Most birds can fly and a penguin is a bird. So, penguins most probably can fly.
______________
Valid or invalid?
1. If it rained, the streets are wet. The streets are wet, so it must have rained.
2. If Richard Roe is willing to testify then he's innocent. He's not willing to testify therefore he's not innocent.
3. If Bogotá is north of New Orleans and New Orleans is north of Mexico City, then Bogota is north of Mexico City.
Strong or weak?
4. Every day you've lived has been followed by another day in which you've been alive. Therefore, everyday you ever will live will be followed by another day in which you are alive.
5. Nobel prize-winning biologist Herbert Ralls says that chlorinated hydrocarbons in our water supply constitute a major threat to the public health. Since no scientists disagree with him on this point. Accordingly, we conclude that the presence of these chemicals is a threat.
6. Every day you've ever lived has been a day before tomorrow, so, every day you will ever live will be a day before tomorrow.
1. Thomas Elder attack on social welfare should not be taken seriously. He is said to have been a degenerate.
2. You will get pregnant if you have sex. Sally had sex once, and now she is pregnant.
3. Your honor, the defendant must be guilty because no one can prove his innocence.
4. Rare taste: you either have taste or you don't.
5. Men are all alike: selfish creatures who spend every weekend glued to a television tube.
6. I am sure that you will agree that we should all work together to increase the profit of this company. Anyone not agreeing with this policy will be fired immediately.
7. Everyone believes that Lander University is improving its academic programs yearly; therefore, I conclude that Lander will be a much higher rated school several years from now.
8. Theodore H. Teabody, the great historian, says that H. Copi's book is the best logic book in the world. I believe him since the word of such a great man shouldn't be disputed.
Deductive or inductive?
deductive inductive
indicator words
|
|
| necessarily | probably/improbably |
| certainly | plausible/implausible |
| absolutely | likely/unlikely |
| definitely | reasonable to conclude |
1. The sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180°. In triangle #1, angle A is 30°, angle B is 90°. Therefore, angle C is 60°.
2. If I get an A, then I will pass this course. Odds are, I will make a B. So, I probably won't pass this course.
3. The platypus is not a mammal because no mammal lays eggs, and the female platypus does.
4. The last time I ate here, the shrimp dish I ordered was disgusting. It must be the case that this restaurant buys lousy seafood.
5. The sign on the candy machine reads "Out of Order." The candy machine must be broken.
6. All guitar players are musicians, and some guitar players are astronauts. It follows that some musicians are astronauts.
7. Irene likes either coffee or tea in the morning. But she doesn't like tea. Therefore Irene likes coffee in the morning.
8. These mushrooms have a very similar appearance to the ones growing in the garden. The ones in the garden are edible. The conclusion is therefore warranted that these mushrooms are edible.
9. Most birds can fly and a penguin is a bird. So, penguins most probably can fly.
______________
Valid or invalid?
1. If it rained, the streets are wet. The streets are wet, so it must have rained.
2. If Richard Roe is willing to testify then he's innocent. He's not willing to testify therefore he's not innocent.
3. If Bogotá is north of New Orleans and New Orleans is north of Mexico City, then Bogota is north of Mexico City.
Strong or weak?
4. Every day you've lived has been followed by another day in which you've been alive. Therefore, everyday you ever will live will be followed by another day in which you are alive.
5. Nobel prize-winning biologist Herbert Ralls says that chlorinated hydrocarbons in our water supply constitute a major threat to the public health. Since no scientists disagree with him on this point. Accordingly, we conclude that the presence of these chemicals is a threat.
6. Every day you've ever lived has been a day before tomorrow, so, every day you will ever live will be a day before tomorrow.
presocratic philosophy (what's the arche of the universe)
Anaximander (610-546 BC), the first writer on philosophy. He assumed apeiron to be: undefined, unlimited substance without qualities, out of which the primary opposites, hot and cold, moist and dry, become different...
Pythagoras: arche is NUMBER.
Parmenides: is the father of metaphysics and rationalism. His motto is "whatever is is, and what is not cannot be", i.e., REALITY is unchanging. For something to CHANGE it has to not-be, which is a contradiction, because NOTHING cannot exist and out of nothing nothing comes.
Heraclitus: all things in nature are in a state of perpetual flux, connected by logical structure or pattern, which he termed logos.
The Atomists: Leucippus (5th BC) and his pupil Democritus of Abdera (460-370 BC) from Thrace. Atoms: small primary bodies, infinite in number, indivisible and imperishable, qualitatively similar, but distinguished by their shapes. They move eternally through the infinite void, they collide and unite, thus generating objects which differ in accordance with the varieties, in number, size, shape, etc. We are ALL atoms.
Pythagoras: arche is NUMBER.
Parmenides: is the father of metaphysics and rationalism. His motto is "whatever is is, and what is not cannot be", i.e., REALITY is unchanging. For something to CHANGE it has to not-be, which is a contradiction, because NOTHING cannot exist and out of nothing nothing comes.
Heraclitus: all things in nature are in a state of perpetual flux, connected by logical structure or pattern, which he termed logos.
The Atomists: Leucippus (5th BC) and his pupil Democritus of Abdera (460-370 BC) from Thrace. Atoms: small primary bodies, infinite in number, indivisible and imperishable, qualitatively similar, but distinguished by their shapes. They move eternally through the infinite void, they collide and unite, thus generating objects which differ in accordance with the varieties, in number, size, shape, etc. We are ALL atoms.
