Friday, October 3, 2025
Thursday, October 2, 2025
Tuesday, September 30, 2025
Tuesday, September 23, 2025
Thursday, September 18, 2025
Tuesday, September 16, 2025
Thursday, September 11, 2025
Logical and causal possibility (think of mind experiments)
Is Superman logically possible? The first step in the evidence that p is possible is to be able to conceive it. Just that.
Can Superman be conceived?
Yes, that's why we talk about him and can even watch him in a movie.
Now, Clearly, not everything that is conceivable is possible. For example, Superman, dragons, gremlins, and succubi are all conceivable but not possible.
Why not? They violate laws of nature.
Remember: If p is conceivable, then from 2. It's logically possible.
3. p is causally possible if it doesn't violate a law of nature.
LI → CI
CP → LP
¿Qué es la verdad?
En clase les he dicho que la verdad es complicada. Y lo es, pero eso no significa que la filosofía no haya definido el concepto de verdad.
En general tenemos tres definiciones:
1. Correspondence Theory of Truth (la verdad como correspondencia),
A proposition is true by its correspondence with reality.
Ejemplo: Un vertebrado es un animal que tiene un esqueleto con columna vertebral y cráneo, y cuyo sistema nervioso central está formado por la médula espinal y el encéfalo.
2. The Coherence Theory of Truth (la verdad como coherencia con lo que ya se cree).
Truth is what best coheres with our existing knowledge.
Ejemplo: En cosmología, se entiende por Big Bang, o Gran Explosión, al comienzo del universo, es decir, el punto inicial en el que se formó la materia, el espacio y el tiempo.
3. The Pragmatic Theory of Truth (la verdad pragmática).
Truth is, whatever best does the job at hand.
Ejemplo: El cuadro Guernica de Picasso es una obra maestra de la pintura del siglo XX.
Friday, August 29, 2025
Monday, December 9, 2024
A fetus is the only biological entity whose developmental telos leads toward rationality & autonomy
Kant's second formulation: treat humanity not as a means but as an end.
Wednesday, December 4, 2024
LA AUTODIGNIDAD KANTIANA EVALUADA EN EJEMPLOS ESPECÍFICOS
Relaciones afectivas o románticas
Tuesday, November 19, 2024
Homework #9 (CHAPTER 3, ETHICS)
Questions 1-4 are taken from this post.
1. Is there moral knowledge? Explain with one example from your daily life. Think of a good/or bad action coming from a friend (no less than 50 words).
2. What are moral facts? (in your own words, avoid copying my text).
3. In what sense is Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People a masterpiece? Is this moral knowledge?
4. Why is it that Best Consensus cannot be produced overnight? Is Best Consensus infallible? Explain your answer.
Questions 5-7 are based on this lecture.
5. a) What is the difference between morality and etiquette.
b) Provide an example of each from your own life based on the definitions.
c) Why is etiquette (LI) so important for Confucius?
6. Morality and law are not the same, in what manner? Again, from your personal experience, bring up an instance when there's a law you consider immoral and wish it would change (or else, something immoral in need of a law.
7. Why is slavery wrong now in 2024? Why was it not wrong in, say, 424 B.C.?
8. What's Hedonism and the pleasure argument? (Triff lecture)
9- What is "sustainable pleasure" according to Epicurus? (same lecture as above)
10- Define Ethical egoism. What's the difference between genuine (BEST) and apparent interests? Bring an example from your own life.
11- Point to the difference between interest and best interest. Bring an example from real life to make the point.
12- Make a defense of ethical egoism in two points.
13- What does this satement mean? Explain.
In the end, the ethical egoist becomes an altruist of sorts. She is not fooling herself that altruism should erase the expecting good in return. Why not? It reinforces the stereotype of the free rider.
(Whatever answer is stressed in yellow requires at least 30 words).
Monday, November 18, 2024
FREE SPEECH VS. HATE SPEECH
FREE SPEECH ADVOCATES DEFEND THE RIGHT TO EXPRESS IDEAS — EVEN OFFENSIVE, HATEFUL, AND UNPOPULAR. NOT SPEECH THAT IS ACTIONABLE BECAUSE IT DIRECTLY INCITES VIOLENCE, THREATENS HARM OR DEFAMES OTHERS.
The following forms of expression do not receive First Amendment protection (in U.S. constitutional law) because they cause or are likely to cause legally cognizable harm:
FREE SPEECH ADVOCATES SUPPORT THESE:
CONTENT NEUTRALITY PRINCIPLE
The government cannot restrict speech based on dislike of its message, only on legitimate harms (e.g., violence, intimidation, defamation).
Civil libertarianism
Free-speech maximalism (with exceptions)
The classical liberal/free-expression tradition
We defend the right to express ideas — even offensive, hateful, and unpopular ones — but we do not protect speech that is legally actionable because it directly incites violence, threatens harm, or defames others.
We aren’t defending incitement or threats — WE DEFEND the freedom to say things others might strongly disagree with, dislike, find disturbing, or find morally wrong, so long as it does not cross into the domain of actionable harm.
Wednesday, November 13, 2024
Climate change vs. Climate Catastrophe:
In what follows, I contrast Climate change against Climate Catastrophe:
A. Epistemological: The risk for climate change is quantifiable, measurable, modelable, and updateable. It depends on accumulated empirical observation (e.g., +1.2 °C since the preindustrial era).
C. Communicative Effect
Climate change: enables gradual action, rational policy, risk-based adaptation, and mitigation.
Climate catastrophe: generates paralysis, fatalism, apocalyptic rhetoric. It turns science into prophecy. And when the prophecy fails to materialize on schedule, public trust erodes.
D. Politics of Language
Climate change: describes a phenomenon.
Climate catastrophe: interprets that phenomenon through an emotional frame—cataclysm—without proportional analysis. It hyperbolizes to the point of fusing science with activism. It operates as an aesthetics of fear.
Conclusion: Distinguishing climate change from climate catastrophe prevents conceptual collapse.
It allows us to treat global warming as real, measurable, urgent—but not as an apocalyptic inevitability. It guards against rhetorical exaggeration that undermines scientific credibility and drives policy through emotional shock rather than evidence.
Thursday, November 7, 2024
Homework #9, 2025 Tres párrafos del Philosophy Paper
Aquí tienen los tres párrafos de la tarea. Fíjense, lo marcado en amarillo representa los argumentos a medida que se van desarrollando. De nuevo, el párrafo 1 contiene el programa del philosophy paper: Tesis y contratesis, con dos puntos cada uno.
_______
PARAGRAPH 1
Wednesday, November 6, 2024
Chaque personne est un choix absolu de soi
Para entender el libertarianismo de Sartre tenemos que hablar de identidad, es decir, de ontología (que es el estudio del ser).
Monday, November 4, 2024
Sunday, November 3, 2024
STRUCTURE OF YOUR 2025 PHILOSOPHY PAPER
Short Philosophy Paper: Thesis/Counter Format Structure
(6 paragraphs total)
Topics for your philosophy paper (2025)
NEVER CITE WIKIPEDIA IN YOUR PAPER; LOOK AT THE WIKIPEDIA CITATIONS AND CITE THEM.
(Generally, it is little appreciated that this topic takes an ecological and human/animal dimension: the link between animal-processed foods, environmental degradation, and vegetarianism, all tied to the still obscure field of animal ethics).
Gun control vs. Second amendment
(Aproblem intersecting Second Amendment rights, civil rights, policy, government interference, mental health, and terrorism).
Social media & culture
(Privacy issues, information overload, cyberbullying, fake news, social isolation, net addiction, etc).
Climate change
(Global warming is at the forefront of today's scientific and sociopolitical discourse; many issues here are worth discussing: what is nature? Generational responsibility, presentism, economic growth, etc.
Monday, October 28, 2024
Homework #8, Chapter 5 (free will and determinism)
1. What is Hard Determinism (HD from here on)? Explain.
Tuesday, October 22, 2024
MACHO VS. "MACHISMO"
La discusión de ayer fue muy interesante. Y me ha hecho pensar. Abajo he tratado de poner mi pensamiento en orden. Agradezco vuestros puntos y espíritu de debate. ¡Eso es filosofía!
Qué es “machismo”Tuesday, October 15, 2024
Lista de Estudiantes Asistentes
María Cetino
José Guizán
Daniela Fonseca
Nicole Leithof
Amarillis Rubido
Ariana Tacher
Samantha Tang
Ricardo Uzcátegui
Augusto Valero
Thursday, October 10, 2024
HOMEWORK #7 (PHILOSOPHY OF MIND)
1. a. What is Descartes' conceivability b. & divisibility argument? c. Taken together, what do they prove regarding the mind (according to Descartes)?
2. Is the mind the soul for Descartes?
3. Mention one counter to Descartes' theory (p. 227)
4. What is the "closure of the physical"? (p. 227)
5. What is epiphenomenalism?
6. Explain Logical Behaviorism? Which present science is close to this definition?
7. Explain Putnam's Super Spartans thought experiment. What's a counterexample to?
8. Explain Thomas Nagel's bat experiment. What theory is it a counter to?
9. What are the characteristics of mental states according to Nagel?
10. What is functionalism?
11. Answer Section 4.3 Question #1 and Question #3
12. What is David Lewis' Mad Man thought experiement a counter example to?
13. What is Allan Touring test for intelligence. What does it mean? (Read p. 236, 237)
14. What is the event known as singularity? Do you believe it possible?
15. Section 4.5 Question #4.


