Necessary and sufficient conditions
X is nec. for Y, when if Y cannot exist w/o X, or if X is not present, Y will not occur.
X is suff. for Y, when if X guarantees Y, or if every time X is present Y happens.
Deductive arguments: valid (if the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises); sound (a valid argument with true premises).
REMEMBER: There are valid arguments which are unsound.
Inductive arguments: strong (an argument that would establish its conclusion with a high degree of probability if the premises were true).
click here for my lecture on values,
click here for a lecture on deductive and inductive arguments,
click here for my lecture on cause and effect,
click here for the list of fallacies you need to know,
Chapter 6 / Epistemology
a priori: Independent from experience. Ex: "All triangles have 3 sides," "A=A," "it either rains or it doesn't rain."
a posteriori: dependent from experience. Ex: "mammals are vertebrate animals," "water boils at
100 0c," "men are mortal."
click here for epistemology's main characters,
click here for additional epistemic concepts,
click here for a brief history of epistemology,
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