We had left at the point of Functionalism and the counterarguments leveled against it.
A theory that tries to avoid the reductionism of Identity Theory and Behaviorism is Property Dualism, which is a form of "non-reductive physicalism." Property Dualism relies on the idea of emergence.
Emergence involves a layered view of nature, with the layers arranged in terms of increasing complexity and each corresponding to its own special science. Some philosophers hold that emergent properties causally interact with more fundamental levels, while others maintain that higher-order properties simply supervene over lower levels without direct causal interaction. For example: Water has a new property when Hydrogen H and Oxygen O combine to form H2O (water). The emergence of the transparent liquid emerges would not have been predicted by understanding hydrogen and oxygen as a gas. This is analogous to physical properties of the brain giving rise to mental states.*
_______
*Recall that intentionality is the capacity of mental states to be directed towards (about) or be in relation with something in the external world. This about-ness (or of-ness) of mental states entails that they have contents.
